DOI of the published article https://doi.org/10.30649/ph.v25i2.399
The Indonesian Government's Legal Approach to Asset Recovery from Non-AEEOI Countries
Pendekatan Hukum Pemerintah Indonesia terhadap Pemulihan Aset dari Negara Non- Aeoi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ups.10997Keywords:
automatic exchange information, tax treaty, legal action of the government of indonesiaAbstract
This study analyzes the impact of legal vacuums in international tax treaties regarding Automatic Exchange of Information (AEoI) on tax avoidance practices in Indonesia. Using a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis, the study finds that gaps in AEoI technical implementation result in low effectiveness of cross-border data exchange. This creates opportunities for taxpayers to shift assets to jurisdictions without active AEoI agreements, reducing state revenue potential and hindering asset recovery from individuals and entities that harm the state — ranging from tax evasion and transfer pricing to corruption and organ trafficking. The study recommends harmonizing domestic regulations with OECD international standards to strengthen the integrity of the national tax system and prevent cross-border asset concealment practices.Downloads
References
Buku
Faisal, Sanapiah. Format Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2005.
Pratama, Albertus Kukuh Yudi, Radha Nurmaya Sabdasih, and Santika Tri. LITERATUR REVIEW: PENGHINDARAN PAJAK BERGANDA (TAX TREATY) DALAM TRANSAKSI INTERNASIONAL DI INDONESIA. Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta, 2022. https://www.academia.edu/download/96885265/PENGHINDARAN_PAJAK_BERGANDA_TAX_TREATY_DALAM_TRANSAKSI_INTERNASIONAL_DI_INDONESIA.pdf.
Subagyono, Bambang Sugeng Ariadi, Agus Yudha Hernoko, and Zahry Vandawati Chumaida. Implementasi berlakunya undang-undang no 9 tahun 2017 sebagai komitmen indonesia dalam pertukaran informasi keuangan secara otomatis. CV Jakad Media Publishing, 2019. https://repository.unair.ac.id/107705/.
Raphael, Jody. Rape Is Rape: How Denial, Distortion, and Victim Blaming Are Fueling a Hidden Acquintance Rape Crisis. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2013.
Journal
Ardiani, Zelika Setya Ardiani Setya. “Tinjauan Pemenuhan RekomendasiFinancial Action Task Force (FATF) Dalam Rangka Menjaga Iklim Ivestasi yang Berintegritas dan Bersih dari Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang (TPPU) Ddan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme (TPPT) di Indonesia.” JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan)7, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v7i1.4087.
Dörr, Oliver, and Kirsten Schmalenbach, eds. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Springer, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8.
Dwiyanti, Ita. “The Criminal Penalties for LGBT in a Human Rights Perspective.” Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review1, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v1i1.49835.
Felix Hugger, Ana Cinta González Cabral, Massimo Bucci, Maria Gesualdo, and Pierce O’Reilly. The Global Minimum Tax and the Taxation of MNE Profit. OECD Taxation Working Papers, vol. 68 (January 2024). https://doi.org/10.1787/9a815d6b-en.
Perspektif HukumVolume 25 Issue 2469
Gautama, I. Nyoman Sindhu. “Pemberatasan Kejahatan Internasional Berdasarkan Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs).” Jurnal Aktual Justice4, no. 1 (2019): 1. https://doi.org/10.47329/aktualjustice.v4i1.474.
Hasyim, Alifatul Akmal Al, Nur Isna Inayati, Ani Kusbandiyah, and Tiara Pandansari. “Pengaruh Transfer Pricing, Kepemilikan Asing, Dan Intensitas Modal Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak.” Jurnal Akuntansi dan Pajak23 (01 2023). https://doi.org/DOI:%2520https://doi.org/10.29040/jap.v23i2.7525.
Inasius, Fany, Giri Darijanto, Engelwati Gani, and Gatot Soepriyanto. “Tax Compliance After the Implementation of Tax Amnesty in Indonesia.” SAGE Open10, no. 4 (2020): 215824402096879. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020968793.
Lee, Daniel Jeong-Dae. “Hide-and-Seek: Can Tax Treaties Reveal Offshore Wealth?” Development Economic Review14, no. 1 (2020): 1.
Mufidah, Imtiyaz Farras. “Menyoal Konsep Peran Automatic Exchange of Information Untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan Negara Atas Kepatuhan Terhadap Pajak.” Journal Economic Insights3, no. 1 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.51792/jei.v3i1.92.
Niravita, Aprila. “Social Injustice in the Industrial Revolution 4.0.” Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services1, no. 2 (2020): 164. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v1i2.36509.
Nugraheni, Prasasti Dyah. “The New Face of Cyberbullying in Indonesia: Howe Can We Provide Justice to the Victims?” The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education3, no. 1 (2021): 57–76. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i1.43153.
Nugraheni, Agustina Prativi, Mumpuni Wahyudiarti Sitoresmi, and Maya Dini. “Peran Dan Dampak Automatic Exchange of Information.” Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA)7, no. 2 (2023): 2. keuangan. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v7i2.3065.
Pratiwi, Sahira Jati, Steven Steven, and Adinda Destaloka Putri Permatasari. “The Application of E-Court as an Effort to Modernize the Justice Administration in Indonesia: Challenges & Problems.” Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services2, no. 1 (2020): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.37718.
Perspektif HukumVolume 25 Issue 2
Rahmatika, Aulia Vaya. “Violence on Women and Children: Background, Effects, and Solutions.” Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review1, no. 1 (2021): 69–86. https://doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v1i1.49840.
Randa, Indira Despuanitara Batara, and Imam Haryanto. “Perlindungan Hukum Atas Data Wajib Pajak Dalam Sistem Automatic Exchange of Information (AEoI) Studi Perbandingan Indonesia Uni Eropa.” Legal Standing: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum5, no. 1 (2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.24269/ls.v5i1.3563.
Waerzeggers, Christophe, and Cory Hillier. “Introducing a General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR).” Tax Law Technical Note2016, no. 001 (2016): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513515823.008.
Wardhani, Arum Puspita, and Dinik Fitri Rahajeng Pangestuti. “WITHHOLDING TAX SYSTEM UNTUK PEMUNGUTAN AKURASI.” Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan KeuanganVol 1 No 1 (2019) (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.36407/akurasi.v1i1.64.
Yulianto, Anggoro. “Cybersecurity Policy and Its Implementation in Indonesia.” Law Research Review Quarterly7, no. 1 (2021): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i1.43191 70.
Website
Anwar, Noor. Hierarki Hukum Internasional. n.d. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.academia.edu/8823370/hierarki_hukum_Internasional.
Arora, Jyoti, and Pragya Kaushik. “Understanding the Beneficial Ownership v. Beneficial Holding Concepts.” ITR, September 14, 2021. https://www.internationaltaxreview.com/article/2a68rfy5bw2ycq1ybhw7c/understanding-the-beneficial-ownership-v-beneficial-holding-concepts.
Chua, Wei Min. “Common Reporting Standards –Impact in Malaysia and ASEAN.” Asia Law Portal -News, Information and Opportunity in the APAC Legal Sector, July 9, 2018. https://asialawportal.com/common-reporting-standards-impact-in-malaysia-and-asean/.
Detik Finance. “RI-Singapura Siap Kerja Sama Pertukaran Data Pajak.” Detik Finance, June 22, 2025.
Perspektif HukumVolume 25 Issue 2471https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3558040/ri-singapura-siap-kerja-sama-pertukaran-data-pajak.
Dominic Casciani. “Perempuan yang belanja ratusan miliar rupiah di Harrods, London, terungkap.” BBC News Indonesia, n.d. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-45824142.
uropean Commission, and Taxation and Customs Union. “Update of the EU List of Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions for Tax Purposes -European Commission.” Accessed June 22, 2025. https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/news/update-eu-list-non-cooperative-jurisdictions-tax-purposes-2025-02-18_en.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF). “‘Black and Grey’ Lists.” Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/countries/black-and-grey-lists.html.
Gumiwang, Muhamad Wildan, Ringkang. “Uni Eropa Coret 4 Negara Ini dari Daftar Hitam Negara Suaka Pajak.” DDTCNews -Berita Pajak Terkini dan Terpercaya di Indonesia dan Internasional. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://news.ddtc.co.id/berita/internasional/1800831/uni-eropa-coret-4-negara-ini-dari-daftar-hitam-negara-suaka-pajak.
Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. “Singapore Enhances International Tax Cooperation through Automatic Exchange of Information on Crypto-Assets.” IRAS. Accessed May 3, 2025. https://www.iras.gov.sg/news-events/newsroom/singapore-enhances-international-tax-cooperation-through-automatic-exchange-of-information-on-crypto-assets.
International Consortium Of Investigate Journalists. “ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database.” No Date. https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/.
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). Offshore Havens and Hidden Riches of World Leaders and Billionaires Exposed in Unprecedented Leak -ICIJ. Investigations. October 3, 2021. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/global-investigation-tax-havens-offshore/.
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). Paradise Papers: Secrets of the Global Elite -ICIJ. ICIJ. November 5, 2017. https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/.
International Monetary Fund (IMF). “Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism.” IMF. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/Financial-Integrity/amlcft.
Perspektif HukumVolume 25 Issue 2Kudun and partners. “Thailand’s Latest Tax Revolution: Navigating the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) |
Kudun & Partners.” Kudun, n.d. Accessed December 13, 2025. https://www.kap.co.th/thought-leadership/thailands-latest-tax-revolution-navigating-the-common-reporting-standard-crs/.
Leonardo Homsy, and Rogério Bittencourt. “Trends in Brazilian Tax Treaties.” Accessed December 13, 2025. https://www.ibanet.org/trends-in-brazilian-tax-treaties.
Mizzi, Lisa Zarb. “FATCA-CRS: Updated AEOI Implementing Guidelines Published by the MTCA -KPMG Malta.” KPMG, March 4, 2024. https://kpmg.com/mt/en/home/insights/2024/03/fatca-crs-updated-aeoi-implementing-guidelines-published-by-the-mtca.html.
noelle, illien. “Switzerland, US Agree on Exchange of Financial Account Data.” Finance. Reuters, June 27, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/switzerland-us-agree-exchange-financial-account-data-2024-06-27/.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Addendum: CRS MCAA Signatories. OECD, n.d. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-issues/tax-transparency-and-international-co-operation/addendum-crs-mcaa-signatories.pdf.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Assistance for the Exchange of Information on Request.” OECD. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/networks/global-forum-tax-transparency/what-we-do/assistance-exchange-of-information-on-request.html.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “BEPS Multilateral Instrument.” OECD. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/beps-multilateral-instrument.html.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework XML Schema.” OECD, October 1, 2024. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/crypto-asset-reporting-framework-xml-schema_578052ec-en.html.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information. 2014. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-issues/tax-transparency-and-international-co-operation/multilateral-competent-authority-agreement.pdf.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Tax Transparency and International Co-Operation.” OECD. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/tax-transparency-and-international-co-operation.html.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Taxation.” OECD. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/taxation.html.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Common Reporting Standard (CRS) and Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF).” No Date. https://web-archive.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/common-reporting-standard/index.htm.
Ortax. “Switzerland (Swiss) -Ortax.” Treaty -Ortax, January 1, 1990. https://datacenter.ortax.org/ortax/treaty/show/55.
Putri, Sekar Nasly Bani. “Aturan Pertukaran Informasi Pajak Pada Perjanjian Internasional.” Pajakku, June 11, 2025. https://artikel.pajakku.com/aturan-pertukaran-informasi-pajak-pada-perjanjian-internasional.Rahman Ravelli LLP. “Unexplained Wealth Orders (UWOs) -An In-Depth Guide.”
Rahman Ravelli LLP. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.rahmanravelli.co.uk/expertise/unexplained-wealth-orders/what-is-an-unexplained-wealth-order-an-in-depth-guide/.
redaksi, Dewan Pimpinan Cabang Perhimpunan Advokat Indonesia. “Lex Loci Delicti Commisi.” DPC PERADI TASIKMALAYA, March 8, 2022. https://peradi-tasikmalaya.or.id/lex-loci-delicti-commisi/.
Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR), World Bank. “Our Work | Learn about StAR’s Workstreams, Communications and Partnership Work.” Accessed June 22, 2025. https://star.worldbank.org/our-work.
Swiss Federal Tax Administration (SFTA). “Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs).” SIF. Accessed June 22, 2025. https://www.sif.admin.ch/en/double-taxation-agreements-dtas.
Switzerland and Philipphines. “Double Taxation Agreements Switzerland -Philippines | FTA.” Accessed December 13, 2025. https://www.estv.admin.ch/estv/en/home/international-fiscal-law/international-by-country/sif/philippines.html.
The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG). Asia / Pasific Group on Money Laundering. Indonesia, Third Round Mutual Evaluation Report, APG, Sydney, 2018. https://apgml.org/members-and-observers/members/member-documents.aspx?m=7f4ab684-6496-493f-adc8-c37cd233a7b3.
U.S. Department of Justice. “MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE TREATIES OF THE UNITED STATES.” Criminal Division, Office of International Affairs, 2022. https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-oia/file/1498806/dl
U.S. Department of the Treasury. “Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act.” U.S. Department of the Treasury, February 8, 2025. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/tax-policy/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act.
U.S. Department of the Treasury, and Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). “Home | Office of Foreign Assets Control.” Accessed June 22, 2025. https://ofac.treasury.gov/.
Peraturan
Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 73/PMK.03/2017 Tentang Petunjuk Teknis Mengenai Akses Informasi Keuangan Untuk Kepentingan Perpajakan. Accessed June 22, 2025. http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/112711/pmk-no-73-pmk032017.
UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 8 TAHUN 2010 TENTANG PENCEGAHAN DAN PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG. Accessed December 13, 2025. http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/38547/uu.
Downloads
Additional Files
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 UMSIDA Preprints Server

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
