The The Effect of Non-Performing Loans (NPL), Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Profitability, with Allowance for Impairment Losses (CKPN) as a Moderating Variable, at Bank BUMN 2016–2025
Pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL), Loan To Deposit (LDR) Dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) Terhadap Profitabilitas Dengan Cadangan Kerugian Penurunan Nilai (CKPN) Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Pada Bank BUMN Periode 2016–2025
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ups.11995Keywords:
Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Allowance for Impairment Losses (CKPN), Return on Assets (ROA)Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effects of Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on profitability as proxied by Return on Assets (ROA), as well as to examine the moderating role of Allowance for Impairment Losses (CKPN) in Indonesian state-owned banks during the 2016–2025 period. This study employs a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the financial statements of state-owned banks. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique and consisted of 80 semiannual financial statements from four state-owned banks, namely Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, and Bank Tabungan Negara. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27 through classical assumption tests, regression analysis, coefficient of determination analysis, and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results indicate that NPL has a negative and significant effect on ROA, LDR has a negative and significant effect on ROA, while CAR has a positive and significant effect on ROA. The coefficient of determination of 72.9% indicates that NPL, LDR, and CAR collectively explain 72.9% of the variation in ROA, while the remaining variation is explained by other factors outside the research model. The moderation analysis shows that CKPN moderates the effects of NPL and LDR on ROA, but does not moderate the effect of CAR on ROA. These findings indicate that balanced management of credit quality, liquidity, capital adequacy, and credit loss provisioning plays an important role in maintaining and improving the profitability of state-owned banks
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