A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Framework for Autonomous Vehicles in China and the United States
Analisis Komparatif Pengaturan Hukum Kendaraan Autopilot di China dan Amerika Serikat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ups.11603Keywords:
Autonomous Vehicles, Legal Liability, Comparative Law, Road Traffic ActAbstract
The rapid growth of AI has enabled autonomous vehicles, but Indonesia's Law No. 22 of 2009 currently recognizes only human drivers. Comparative analysis shows the US uses a decentralized model focused on safety standards, while China applies strict liability to manufacturers. To ensure legal certainty and safety, Indonesia must update its laws by adopting international automation standards, expanding driver definitions, and holding manufacturers strictly liable for failures.
Downloads
References
M. H. A. Rafi, D. Setiawan, and B. A. Shiddiq, “MANAJEMEN RISIKO DALAM PROYEK AUTOPILOT DAN FULL SELF-DRIVING (FSD) DI TESLA,” JATI J. Mhs. Tek. Inform., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 4490–4498, Jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.36040/jati.v8i4.9944
B. Ramadhan and M. Yamin, “Penghindaran Jalur Rintangan untuk Kendaraan Pick up Autonomous Berdasarkan Artificial Potential Field Algorithm,” Briliant J. Ris. Dan Konseptual, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 195–204, Feb. 2021. https://doi.org/10.28926/briliant.v6i1.574
C. Liu, V. Zyryanov, I. Topilin, A. Feofilova, and M. Shao, “Investigating the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on the Efficiency of Road Network and Traffic Demand: A Case Study of Qingdao, China,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 16, p. 5110, Aug. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165110
R. R. Nusi, “Legalitas Mobil Auto Pilot Dalam Prespektif Hukum Transportasi di Indonesia,” Jurist-Diction, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 2469, Nov. 2021. https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i6.31854
M. E. M. Widjanarko and E. Prasetyawati, “PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PENGEMUDI MOBIL AUTOPILOT,” IBLAM LAW Rev., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 209–227, Jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v4i1.245
N. H. Djohan, E. Indarti, and M. F. Malik, “LEGAL RECONSTRUCTION FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE USE IN INDONESIA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,” Masal.-Masal. Huk., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 13–24, Mar. 2025. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.54.1.2025.13-24
A. Lovasz, “Bruno Latour, Graham Harman, and Nonmodernism,” J. Posthuman Stud., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 112–132, Dec. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.8.1.0112
A. D. Rasdiyanti, H. Hayat, and S. Suyeno, “Indonesia Government Policy Strategy to Support Autonomous Vehicles Implementation for Public Transport,” ARISTO, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 452–474, Jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v12i2.7860
A. Nugroho, N. Azis, R. Ruminingsih, and M. Marwan, “LEGALITAS SISTEM AUTO PILOT KENDARAAN RODA EMPAT DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN,” Pagaruyuang Law J., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 196–206, Jul. 2023. https://doi.org/10.31869/plj.v7i1.4566
L. S. Muis, “HAK ATAS AKSESIBILITAS OBAT PATEN BAGI MASYARAKAT,” Widya Pranata Huk. J. Kaji. Dan Penelit. Huk., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 36–64, Feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.37631/widyapranata.v1i1.259
L. S. Muis, A. Purwadi, and D. T. Subagiyo, “PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM HAK CIPTA FESYEN TERHADAP EKONOMI KREATIF DALAM MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN,” Perspektif, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 153, May 2017. https://doi.org/10.30742/perspektif.v22i2.618
Y. Su and L. Wang, “Integrated Framework for Test and Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles,” J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. Sci., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 699–712, Oct. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12204-021-2360-y
K. Dumančić and D. Vuletić, “LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY AUTONOMOUS DRIVING VEHICLES FROM THE EU LAW PERSPECTIVE,” EU Comp. Law Issues Chall. Ser. ECLIC, vol. 9, pp. 64–76, Sep. 2025. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/38091
M. Wan, F. Zhu, B. Amour, and H. Tang, The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China: English Translation. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2794-2
M. L. Kubica, “Autonomous Vehicles and Liability Law,” Am. J. Comp. Law, vol. 70, no. Supplement_1, pp. i39–i69, Oct. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avac015
S. Solmaz, M. Rudigier, M. Mischinger, and J. Reckenzaun, “Hybrid Testing: A Vehicle-in-the-Loop Testing Method for the Development of Automated Driving Functions,” SAE Int. J. Connect. Autom. Veh., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 133–148, May 2021. https://doi.org/10.4271/12-04-01-0011
Y. Lu, “Legal Regulation of Autonomous Vehicles in China,” Lect. Notes Educ. Psychol. Public Media, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Jan. 2025. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2024.19638
T. Akarsu et al., “Steering through uncertainty: a systematic review of liability communication in autonomous vehicles,” Transp. Rev., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 270–296, Mar. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2025.2571959
M. Alawadhi, J. Almazrouie, M. Kamil, and K. A. Khalil, “Review and analysis of the importance of autonomous vehicles liability: a systematic literature review,” Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1227–1249, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-00978-9
J. F. Rosemadi, D. W. K. Khong, and G. Radhakrishna, “CIVIL LIABILITY OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE,” IIUM Law J., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 155–179, Dec. 2022. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v30i2.740
J. Marson, K. Ferris, and J. Dickinson, “The Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 Part 1 and Beyond: A Critical Review,” Statute Law Rev., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 395–416, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmz021
W. Ji et al., “Traffic accidents of autonomous vehicles based on knowledge mapping: A review,” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. Engl. Ed., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1061–1073, Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2023.09.003
V. R. Mudunuri, H. Almasri, and H.-H. Fan, “Developing Safety Case for Automated Driving following UL 4600 & ISO 5083,” SAE International, Apr. 2026. https://doi.org/10.4271/2026-01-0527
D. A. Petrova, П. Д. Анатольевна, D. V. Mukhalov, and М. Д. Вячеславович, “Legal Regulation of Unmanned Vehicles: Foreign and Russian Experience,” Russ. J. Leg. Stud. Mosc., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 113–118, Oct. 2021. https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS71264
M. Massar, I. Reza, S. M. Rahman, S. M. H. Abdullah, A. Jamal, and F. S. Al-Ismail, “Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions—Positive or Negative?,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, vol. 18, no. 11, p. 5567, May 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115567
Downloads
Additional Files
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 UMSIDA Preprints Server
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
