The Effectiveness Of Chitosan Nanoemulgel From Shellfish (Corbula faba) In Inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus And Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria
Efektivitas Nanoemulgel Kitosan Cangkang Kupang (Corbula faba) Dalam Menghambat Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ups.11177Keywords:
Antibacterial activity, Mussel shell chitosan, Nanoemulgel, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureusAbstract
Infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria have become a global challenge due to the increasing risk of antibiotic resistance. Chitosan is a natural material obtained from the shells of marine animals such as shrimp and crabs. This study was an experimental laboratory study using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique to observe the effect of chitosan nanoemulgel from mussel shells(Corbula faba) in inhibiting the growth of S.aureus and P.aeruginosa bacteria by observing the occurrence of inhibition zones. Chitosan was successfully extracted through demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation stages with a yield of6.23%, water content of8.2%, ash content of 0.45%, and a degree of deacetylation of 87.5%. Nanoemulgel preparations were made in three formulations of test material concentrations, namely 100 mg,200mg, and 300 mg. Two-Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that variations in concentration and type of bacteria had a significant effect on the diameter of the inhibition zone(p=0.000).
Downloads
References
M. Naghavi, “Global Burden Of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis With Forecasts” Lancet, vol. 404, no. 10459, pp. 1199–1226, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1.
S. Kesuma, M. J. Saputri, and P. Aleksandra, “Profil Bakteri Penginfeksi Pus Pada Luka Di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Rsud Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Periode Bulan Januari-Juni Tahun 2023,” J. Kesehat. Tambusai, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 6013–6023, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.31004/jkt.v4i4.20623.
WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List. 2024.
C. K. Sen, “Human Wound and Its Burden: Updated 2020 Compendium of Estimates,” Adv. Wound Care, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 281–292, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1089/WOUND.2021.0026.
R. Dewi Yani et al., “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Akar Enau (Arenga pinnata Merr.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli,” J. Pharm. Mandala Waluya, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 392–408, 2024, doi: 10.54883/jpmw.v3i6.310.
L. Y. Yusan and Lestiono, Nanopartikel Kitosan Limbah Cangkang Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus.) Terhadap Aktivitas Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada Pasien Gangren, 2nd ed. Scopindo Media Pustaka: Surabaya, 2024.
T. Robertus, “Mekanisme Resistensi Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Terhadap Antibiotik,” J. Penelit. Dan Karya Ilm. Lemb. Penelit., vol. 9, no 10, pp. 214–221, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.25105/pdk.v9i1.18185.
U. Umarudin and S. Surahmaida, “Isolasi, Identifikasi, Dan Uji Antibakteri Kitosan Cangkang Bekicot (Achatina fulica) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dari Penderita Ulkus Diabetikum,” Simbiosa, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 37, 2019, doi: 10.33373/sim-bio.v8i1.1894.
K. Shao, Y. Yang, X. Gong, K. Chen, Z. Liao, and S. C. Ojha, “Staphylococcal Drug Resistance: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Nanoparticle Interventions,” Infect. Drug Resist., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1007–1033, 2025, doi: 10.2147/IDR.S510024.
A. Avakh, G. D. Grant, M. J. Cheesman, T. Kalkundri, and S. Hall, “The Art of War with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Targeting Mex Efflux Pumps Directly to Strategically Enhance Antipseudomonal Drug Efficacy,” Antibiotics, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1304, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ANTIBIOTICS12081304.
R. Cabrera et al., “Resistance Mechanisms And Molecular Epidemiology Of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains From Patients With Bronchiectasis,” J. Antimicrob. Chemother., vol. 77, no 23, pp. 1600–1610, 2022, doi: 10.1093/jac/dkac084.
A. M. Sikana, N. F. Ningsih, M. R. Saputri, S. A. T. Wandani, and R. Ambarwati, “Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kupang Sebagai Sumber Kitin Dan Kitosan,” J. Sains Mat., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 50–54, 2016.
A. M. Sikana, S. Kuntjoro, and R. Ambarwati, “Penyerapan Pb dalam Daging Kupang Putih (Potamocorbula faba) dengan Pemberian Kitosan dari Cangkang Kupang Putih,” Sains Mat., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 7–11, 2016.
V. P. Santos, N. S. S. Marques, P. C. S. V Maia, M. A. B. de Lima, L. de O. Franco, and G. M. de Campos-Takaki, “Seafood Waste as Attractive Source of Chitin and Chitosan Production and Their Applications.,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 21, no. 12, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijms21124290.
L. Dewi, “Pemanfaatan Gel Kitosan Dari Cangkang Kupang Putih (Corbula faba hinds) Terhadap Kesembuhan Luka Infeksi Staphylococcus aureus Pada Mencit,” Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, 2018.
T. A. Sujono, U. N. W. Hidayah, and T. N. S. Sulaiman, “Efek Gel Ekstrak Herba Pegagan (Centella asiatica L .Urban) Dengan Gelling Agent Hidroksipropil Methylcellulose Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Bakar Pada Kulit Kelinci,” Biomedika, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 9–17, 2014, doi: 10.23917/biomedika.v6i2.276.
M. R. Donthi, S. R. Munnangi, K. V. Krishna, R. N. Saha, G. Singhvi, and S. K. Dubey, “Nanoemulgel: A Novel Nano Carrier as a Tool for Topical Drug Delivery,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 164, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/Pharmaceutics15010164.
K. Anand et al., “Nano-emulgel: Emerging as a Smarter Topical Lipidic Emulsion-based Nanocarrier for Skin Healthcare Applications,” Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 16–35, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.2174/1574891X14666190717111531.
B. Tri Hartomo and F. Griselda Firdaus, “Pemanfaatan Biomaterial Kitosan dalam Bidang Bedah Mulut,” B-Dent J. Kedokt. Gigi Univ. Baiturrahmah, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 63, 2019.
M. Yadav, B. Kaushik, G. K. Rao, C. M. Srivastava, and D. Vaya, “Advances And Challenges In The Use Of Chitosan And Its Derivatives In Biomedical Fields: A Review,” Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl., vol. 5, no 7, p. 100323, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100323.
F. W. Mahatmanti et al., “Pembuatan Kitin Dan Kitosan Dari Limbah Cangkang Udang Sebagai Upaya Memanfaatkan Limbah Menjadi Material Maju,” Inov. Kim., no. 1, pp. 1–38, May 2022, doi: 10.15294/IK.V1I1.60.
M. H. Malaka, A. Indalifiany, S. Sahidin, A. Fristiohady, and R. Andriani, “Formulation And Physical Stability Test Of Nanoemulgel Containing Petrosia Sp. Ethanolic Extract,” J. Farm. Sains dan Prakt., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 321–331, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.31603/PHARMACY.V7I3.6080.
A. Indalifiany, M. H. Malaka, Sahidin, A. Fristiohandy, and R. Andriani, “Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Nanoemulgel Formulation And Physical Stability Test Of Nanoemulgel Containing Petrosia Sp .,” vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 112–123, 2021.
E. Y. Sari, C. Mutia, Z. S. Fitri, and R. A. T. N. Sakhi, “Formulasi Sediaan Nanoemulgel dari Ekstrak Resin Jernang (Daemonorops draco ( Wild) untuk Penyembuhan Luka Bakar pada Tikus Putih Jantan ( Rattus norvegicus) Formulation of Nanoemulgel Preparation from Jernang Resin Extract (Daemonorops draco ( Wild)” J. Farm., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 371–380, 2025.
M. A. Al-Kafaween and H. A. N. Al-Jamal, “A Comparative Study Of Antibacterial And Antivirulence Activities Of Four Selected Honeys To Manuka Honey,” Iran. J. Microbiol., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 238–251, 2022, doi: 10.18502/IJM.V14I2.9193.
Rosmania and F. Yanti, “Perhitungan Jumlah Bakteri di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Menggunakan Pengembangan Metode Spektrofotometri,” J. Penelit. Sains, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 76–86, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.56064/JPS.V22I2.564.
CLSI and (CLSI) L.S.I, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 2020.
L. P. Azhari, Y. H. Sipahutar, and S. Masengi, “Karakteristik Kimia Dan Optimalisasi Pembuatan Kitosan Dari Kulit Udang Vaname (Penaeus vannamei),” Pros. Semin. Nas. Ikan XII, pp. 369–377, 2024.
V. Purwandari, A. Y. Sianipar, Y. C. E. Silalahi, and D. J. Nasution, “Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Nano Gel Bahan Aktif Ekstrak Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus,” J. Farmanesia, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 37–44, 2020, doi: 10.51544/jf.v7i2.2776.
A. Komariah, “Efektivitas Antibakteri Nano Kitosan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus (In Vitro),” Proceeding Biol. Educ. Conf., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 371–377, 2014.
B. Iskandar et al., “Potensi Sediaan Nanogel dari Bahan Alami dalam Regenerasi Jaringan: Strategi Baru Pengobatan Luka Bakar,” Maj. Farmasetika, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 328–342, 2025, doi: doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v10i5.65853.
E. Y. Sari, C. Mutia, Z. S. Fitri, R. A. T. N. Sakhi, I. Maharini, and Elisma, “Formulation of Nanoemulgel Preparation from Jernang Resin Extract (Daemonorops draco (Wild.)) for Healing Burn Wounds in Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus),” J. Farm., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 371–380, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.35451/JFM.V7I2.2651.
Y. A. N. Kumesan, P. V. Y. Yamlean, and H. S. Supriati, “Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Gel Antijerawat Ekstrak Umbi Bakung (Crinum asiaticum L) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro,” J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 2, no. 02, pp. 18–27, 2013.
T. Imanto, R. Prasetiawan, and W. E. Retno, “Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Sediaan Nanoemulgel Serbuk Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera L) Formulation and Characterization of Nanoemulgel Containing Aloe,” J. Farm. Indones., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 28–37, 2019.
E. Maryanti, M. Arifin, R. Intan, P. Sari, N. Wirahmi, and D. K. Putri, “Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sediaan Nanoemulgel Zink Oksida Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Carbopol-940 Sebagai Gelling Agent,” Bencoolen J. Pharm., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 2808–5663, 2025.
T. Lasmini, H. H. Andreana, S. Lincy, D. Marliana, and S. Margaretta, “Identifikasi Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Pada Swab Rongga Hidung Penjamah Makanan Di Jalan Durian Kota Pekanbaru,” Pros. Asos. Institusi Pendidik. Tinggi Teknol. Lab. Med. Indones. 1, vol. 1, no 4, pp. 281–292, 2022.
D. Andriani, M. Saiful Amin, S. Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Nasional, and K. Kunci, “Formulasi Nanoemulgel Minyak Atsiri Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) Dan Aktivitas Antiinflamasinya,” Cendekia J. Pharm., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 150–158, 2023.
Alifah Evi Scania and Ika Ningsih, “Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Permasalahan, Resistensi Antibiotik dan Pemeriksaan Mikrobiologi,” Maj. Pratista Patol., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 139–140, 2023.
D. H. Rapi, “Isolation of Pseudomonas sp . That failed to hatch quail ’ s eggs ( coturnix-coturnix japonica ) in Garot , Darul Imarah Subdistric , Aceh Besar,” J. Med. Vet., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 88–92, 2017, doi: 10.21157/j.med.vet.v11i1.4065.
W. T. Wulandari, R. N. Alam, and A. Y. Aprillia, “Aktivitas Antibakteri Kitosan Hasil Sintesis dari Kitin Cangkang Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis L) terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus,” Pharm. J. Indones., vol. 18, no. 02, pp. 345–350, 2021.
Fauliya and L. Y. Yusan, “Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanopartikel Kitosan Dari Limbah Cangkang Rajungan (Portunus Pelagicus) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Epidermidis,” J. Ilm. Ibnu Sina, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 371–379, 2024.
B. Suherman et al., “Potensi Kitosan Kulit Udang Vannemei (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Staphylococccus Epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium agnes, Dan Escherichia coli Dengan Metode Difusi Cakram Kertas,” Jur. Farm. Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 116–127, 2018.
R. F. Langendonk, D. R. Neill, and J. L. Fothergill, “The Building Blocks of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Implications for Current Resistance-Breaking Therapies,” Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., vol. 11, no. April, pp. 1–22, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.665759.
M. A. Ramadhani, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Berbagai Ekstrak Tanaman Herbal Terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis,” J. Res. Pharm., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 65–76, 2024, doi: 10.14710/genres.v4i1.22681.
D. P. Yuniarti, “Pemanfaatan Kitosan Dari Cangkang Bekicot (Achatina fullica) Sebagai Pengawet Alami Pada Ikan Nila Segar,” J. Redoks, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 127–138, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v6i2.6504.
S. A. Aulia, D. Sutiningsih, H. Setyawan, and A. Udiyono, “Keberadaan Residu Tetrasiklin pada Daging Ayam Broiler di Kabupaten Kudus (Studi di Pasar Tradisional dan Pasar Modern Tahun 2019),” J. Epidemiol. Kesehat. Komunitas, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 69–75, 2023, doi: doi: 10.14710/jekk.v8i1.6918.
U. F. Avisena, A. Yahya, and R. Hakim, “Aktivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Tetrasiklin Dengan Fraksi - Fraksi Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus,” J. Community Med., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2021.
S. W. P. Jampur, E. Tangkonda, and M. Meity, “Uji Resistensi Campylobacter sp Yang Diisolasi Dari Rusa Timor (Rusa Timorensis) Terhadap Antibiotik,” J. Vet. Nusant., vol. 7, no. 13, 2024, doi: doi.org/10.35508/jvn.v7i1.11899.
N. Detami, S. Ballo, D. Indriarini, A. Lidesna, and S. Amat, “Uji Aktivitas Anti Bakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Sanctum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro,” J. Cendana Med., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 85–93, 2021, doi: doi.org/10.35508/cmj.v9i1.4940.
W. Hana, P. Gerung, and I. Antasionasti, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Botol (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium acne Penyebab Jerawat,” J. Pharmacon, vol. 10, no 5, pp. 1087–1093, 2021.
Downloads
Additional Files
Posted
License
Copyright (c) 2026 UMSIDA Preprints Server
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
